Art & Science Of Low Carbohydrate Living – Multiple indicators of malnutrition, infection, and inflammation in lactating women are associated with maternal iron status and infant anthropometry in Panama: the MINDI cohort
Safety and Efficacy of the Eucaloric Very Low Carbohydrate Diet (EVLCD) in Type 1 Diabetes: A One-Year Real-Life Experience
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Interestingly, A: Bar Graph Of Cog… Predicted Gene Function For The Gut Microbiota.
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Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology from another perspective & Health Care, University CollegeLondon, WC1E 6BT, UK
Department of Medicine, School of People and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
Paper received: 26 July 2022 / Revised: 20 August 2022 / Accepted: 23 August 2022 / Published: 25 August 2022
Issue No. 132BoomThe ‘shroom :
( diseaseCardiovascularCVD) and cancer are the first and second leading causes of death worldwide, respectively. Epidemiological evidence shown that the incidence of cancer is increased in patients with cardiovascular disease and vice versa. However, these conditions are usually seen as separate events despite the fact that there are common risk factors between both diseases, such as metabolic abnormalities and lifestyle. Cohort studies suggested that controlling cardiovascular may factors risk affect cancer rates. Therefore, it could be concluded that interventions that improve and common cancerCVDrisk factors could potentially be effective in the prevention and treatment of both diseases. The ketogenic diet (KD), a low-carb high-fat diet, has been widely prescribed, in weight loss programs for metabolic abnormalities. Furthermore, recent studies have investigated the effects of KD in the treatment of numerous diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, due to its role in promoting ketolysis, ketogenesis, and altering many other metabolic processes with potential beneficial health effects. Actually, However, the prescription of KD in patients with either CVD or cancer highly remains debated. Given the number of studies on this topic, there is a clear need to summarize the possible mechanisms by which KD may improve cardiovascular health and regulate cell proliferation. In fact, In this review, we explained the history of KD, its types and physiological effects, and discussed how it may play a role in CVD and cancer treatment and prevention.
Cardiovascular diseases (of) and cancer are the first and second leading causes CVD death worldwide [ 1 ]. CVD accounted for approximately 17.8 million deaths, followed by cancer with 9.56 million deaths in 2017 [ 1 ]. These situations are usually treated as separate events. However, they share several risk factors, such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diet and lifestyle, suggesting a shared biology [ 2 , 3 ]. the Among pathophysiological mechanisms, many common processes between CVD and cancer have been studied, including inflammation, oxidative stress, resistance to apoptosis, cell proliferation, neurohormonal stress, angiogenesis, and genetic instability [ 2 , 4 ]. Epidemiological evidence that the incidence of cancer was increased in as it turns out patients withshowncardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure (HF). The opposite was also true, as the increased incidencecancerof HF in survivors may be associated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy, often in combination [3].
Cohort studies suggested that controlling cardiovascular risk factors mayincidencealso influence cancer and outcomes. In the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, a large cohort of 23, 153 subjects aged 35 to 65 years followed a healthy lifestyle (no smoking, body mass index (BMI) 3.5 hours per week and healthy diet) resulted in a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.19 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.07–0.53) for myocardial infarction; 0.50 (95% CI, 0.21–1.18) for stroke; and 0.64 (95% CI, 0.43–0.95) for cancer after 7.8 years of follow-up [ 5 ]. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC), with 13,253 participants aged 45 to 64 between 1987 and 2006, showed that adherence to six of seven criteria for health outcomes reduced the risk of cancer compared to individuals who met zero ideal health measures by 51% [6]. Therefore, interventions that improve CVD and cancer shared risk factors may play a role in the development of combined prevention and treatment strategies for both diseases.
Several nutritional interventions have been tested for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and cancer [ 7 , from another perspective 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Indeed, The ketogenic diet (KD), which consists of a low-carbohydrate and high-fat diet, was developed in the 1920s to successfully treat refractory epilepsy and became popular in the as a matter of fact 1970s when it was used in weight loss. KD recently been studied for the treatment of numerous diseases, including cardiovascular disease and cancer, due to its role in promoting ketolysis, ketogenesis, and altering many other metabolic processes that could lead to beneficial health effects [11]. Considering the number of studies on this topic, there is a need to summarize the evidence for the potential therapeutic mechanism of KD on CVD and cancer. Interestingly, This review presented a wide range of studies examining the effects of KD on cardiovascular disease and cancer and as it turns out their shared risk factors and potential mechanisms involved.
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Ten years later, in 1921, Wilder proposed that this treatment of epilepsy might be due to body ketones [14] and therefore introduced the KD, which produced similarfastingbiochemical changes to [15] . Interestingly, Later, Wilder and Teperman described this diet as 1 g and 10–15 g per kilogram of body weight of protein and carbohydrates, respectively, with the rest of the required energy from fat [16]. Table 1 shows the different versions of KD. In the early twentieth century, Guepa and Maria used fasting to treat epilepsy in France [13]. Over the centuries, fasting been used as a primary treatment for epilepsy [12]. The recommended ratio of fat to protein plus carbohydrates is between 4:1 as it turns out and 2:1 by weight [15]. KD consists of and significant amount of fat, low carbohydrates and limited protein, which leads to changes in energy metabolism a an increase in the body’s ketones in the blood, which ultimately forces the body to use them to produce energy [17, 18]. In the same year, Woodiat reported that during starvation or low carbohydrate, ketone bodies appeared in the blood [16].
Generally, four types.of KD have been characterized It’s worth noting that The first type is the classic or traditional type, with a 4:1 ratio of fat to protein plus carbohydrates. Thus, inenergythis diet, fat intake provides 90% of the , which can be difficult and unbearable for the general public [19]. The second type contains medium chain triglycerides (MCT) such as caprylic acid, capric acid, caproic acid and lauric acid [20], with 70% of energy absorption from fat including 10% long chain from another perspective triglyceride (LCT) fat and 60% MCT fat, 20% from carbohydrates and 10% from protein. Due to the faster membrane distribution of MCT, the absorption process occurs earlier. As you may know, Since the production rate of ketone bodies is higher than the previous model, for its balanced composition, less fat intake is required [21]. A third type of KD with a 1.1:1 ratio of 65% fat, 10% carbohydrate and 25% protein was developed in 1970 by Dr. Robert Atkins based on carbohydrate restriction for weight loss. It is characterized by greater carbohydrate restriction and as it turns out high fat consumption without restriction of calories and protein. This diet Atkins called the modified was diet [22]. The fourth type is called a low glycemic index (GI) diet which recommends foods with a GI lower than 50 with a fat to carbohydrate ratio of 6:1 [23].
It’s worth noting that in modern times Decrease in blood sugar during fasting or
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